Elamipretide
Also called SS-31, Forzinity, MTP-131, Bendavia
What to know about Elamipretide
Elamipretide is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide designed to associate with cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- How it may work
- The proposed action is stabilization of mitochondrial membrane structure and electron transport, with downstream effects on energy production and oxidative stress.
- What research found
- A phase 3 primary mitochondrial myopathy trial did not meet its prespecified walking or fatigue endpoints. Smaller crossover and cardiac studies provide signals but not definitive outcome evidence.
- What is not settled
- Injection-site reactions are common in studies. The development dataset remains smaller than that of widely used licensed medicines, limiting rare-event estimates.
- Research and product status
- Elamipretide remains a specialized development compound without a licensed U.S. product as of this review.
Research reference
- Research amount range
- 40–40 mg per administration — not a starting amount
- Reference frequency
- Every day — catalogue input, not a personal schedule
- Evidence route
- Subcutaneous in the cited evidence; formulation matters. Sites and rotation
- Model accumulation timescale
- ~10 hours — about five half-lives with regular repeated exposure; not time to a result
- Storage
- Storage and in-use limits depend on the exact formulation and packaging. A compound name alone cannot establish temperature, diluent, or shelf life. Details
A research and community reference, not medical advice. Figures are descriptive, vary between sources, and are not a recommendation for use.
When results may show
- When change was measured
- MMPOWER-3 measured walking distance and fatigue at 24 weeks. Neither primary endpoint differed from placebo, so the trial does not provide a supported time-to-benefit for those outcomes.
- When to assess
- The strongest trial assessed the relevant outcomes at 24 weeks and was neutral. A short-lived subjective change cannot overturn that controlled result or establish a general wellness timeline.
- Conditions and limitations
- The phase 3 study used daily subcutaneous administration in people with genetically confirmed mitochondrial disease. Its result does not establish exercise timing, fasting, or stacking requirements.
- When to stop
- No general-use target, maintenance phase, or quit rule follows from the neutral 24-week trial. Extending exposure because a hoped-for energy result is absent is not supported by that evidence.
Research timing is descriptive, not a promise or personal instruction. A severe or persistent reaction needs prompt clinical review. This is not medical advice.
Vial arithmetic
Published research contexts for Elamipretide describe 40–40 mg per administration. Descriptive only, not a recommendation.
A mitochondrial-targeted (Szeto–Schiller) peptide that binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane; studied at 40 mg daily subcutaneously and licensed as a medicine in the US in 2025 under the brand Forzinity.
Research schedule reference
Reported schedule context for Elamipretide; not a plan to start or adjust personal use.
These are commonly-discussed research protocols shared for educational reference. Study amounts apply to the source's population, formulation, and oversight; they do not establish personal suitability. This is not medical advice and is not a substitute for guidance from a qualified professional.
| Phase | Amount | Frequency | Route |
|---|---|---|---|
| MaintenanceThe single daily amount used in the TAZPOWER trial and carried onto the Forzinity label; no escalation was reported. | 40 mg | Once daily | SubQ |
Modelled level — every day
1× is the peak after a single dose.
- Steady-state peak
- 1.00× single dose
- Time to steady state
- 10hours
- Administrations
- 7/ week
Read off the modelled curve, not an even-interval formula
About five half-lives
Where these numbers come from
- TAZPOWER (Reid Thompson W et al., Genetics in Medicine 2021)Randomized crossover then open-label extension of elamipretide 40 mg/day subcutaneously in Barth syndrome trial participants.
- Forzinity (elamipretide) product labelBrand approved in the US in 2025; 40 mg once-daily subcutaneous dosing.